The Self-Interpreting BibleJohn Brown of Haddington

The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel

Ezekiel 16

Chapter XVI · Vol. III, pp. 1329–1333

1 Under the similitude of a wretched infant is showed the original state of Jerusalem. 6 God's extraordinary love towards her. 15 Her monstrous whoredoms. 35 Her grievous judgment. 44 Her sin, equal to her mother's, and exceeding her sisters, Sodom and Samaria, calleth for judgments. 60 Mercy is promised her in the end.

Notes ↓

1 Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,

2 Son of man, acause Jerusalem to know1 her babominations,

a ch.3.17-21; 23.36; 22.2; 20.4; 33.8,9. Is.58.1. Ho.8.1. 1 Ti.5.20.

1 Most probably by epistle and messenger, as Jeremiah had sent to the captives, Je. 29. 1, and as the apostles afterwards communicated God's will to the churches.—C.

b ch.8.9-17; xvi.xx.xxii.-xxiv. Mi.ii.iii. Je.ii.-xix. Is.i.-iii.v.ix.lvii.lix.

3 And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD unto Jerusalem, cThy birth2 and thy nativity is of the land of Canaan; thy father was an Amorite, and thy mother an Hittite.

c ver.45. Jos.24.2. Ge.11.26,29,31; 24.10, with 15.16; 26.34,35; 27.46. Is.1.10. Ho.12.8. Jn.8.44. Mat.3.7.

2 Heb. cutting out or habitation.

4 Andd as for thy nativity, in the day thou wast born, thy navel was not cut, neither wast thou washed in water to supple thee:3 thou wast not salted at all, nor swaddled at all.4

d Jos.24.2. Ho.2.3,15. Ge.15.13. Ex.1.2-16; 2.23-25; v.-xi. Ne.ix.

3 Or, when I looked upon thee.

4 This is one of the boldest and most striking figures in the whole book. It exhibits in a very touching manner the depth of Israel's sin and ingratitude. Jerusalem is represented as a new-born female infant abandoned by its parents; but taken, tended, nurtured, & trained with even more than a parent's tenderness and care by Jehovah. On reaching maturity she becomes the bride of her preserver; and is liberally supplied with everything her heart could desire. But instead of returning love and devotion, she basely gives her affections to others, and becomes an adulteress. The terrible judgments inflicted on Israel were thus most richly deserved.—P.

5 Nonee eye pitied thee, to do any of these unto thee, to have compassion upon thee; but thou wast cast out in the open field, to the loathing of thy person, in the day that thou wast born.

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6 And when I passed by thee, and gsaw thee polluted5 in thine own blood, I said unto thee when thou wast in thy blood, hLive; yea, I said unto thee, when thou wast in thy blood, Live.

A.M. cir. 3411. B.C. cir. 593.

g Ac.7.34; 13.17. Ps.105.12-38. Ex.2.24,25; 3.2,7,8.

5 Or, trodden under foot.

h Ge.12.1-3; 46.4. Ps.105.15.

7 I have 6caused thee to multiply as the bud of the field, and thou hast increased and waxen great, and thou art come to excellent ornaments:7 thyi breasts are fashioned, and thine hair is grown, whereas thou wast naked and bare.

6 Heb. made thee a million, Ex.1.7; 12.37. Ge.22.17. De.1.10.

7 Heb. ornament of ornaments.

i Ca.4.5.

8 Nowj when I passed by thee, and looked upon thee, behold, thy time was kthe time of love; and I lspread my skirt8 over thee, and covered thy nakedness: yea, nI sware unto thee, and entered into a covenant with thee, saith the Lord GOD, and thou obecamest mine.

j Ex.2.23-25; 6.5,6; 3.7. Ac.7.34.

k Ac.7.17. Je.2.2; 31.2,3. Ho.2.15,19. Jn.3.16.

l Ex.3.22; 13.21, with Ru.3.9. Re.3.17,18. Is.61.10.

8 Spread my skirt. Compassionate men have often been known to strip off part of their own dress to clothe the naked. To such an act, not merely compassionate, but self-denying, the allusion is made; and it describes 'the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, who, though he was rich, for our sakes became poor, that we through his poverty might be made rich.'—C.

n Ex.xix.xxiv.

o Je.2.2.

9 Then pwashed I thee with water: yea, I throughly washed away thy blood9 from thee, and I anointed thee with oil.

p Ex.xiv. 1 Co.10.2. Le.i.-xvi. He.9.14. 1 Jn.2.20,27; 5.8.

9 Heb. bloods, De.v.xxix.; 32.9. 1 Pe.2.9.

10 Iq clothed thee also with broidered work, and shod thee with badgers' skin, and I girded thee about with fine linen, and I covered thee with silk.

11 I decked thee also with ornaments, and I put bracelets upon thy hands, and a chain on thy neck.

12 And I put a jewel on thy forehead,1 and ear-rings in thine ears, and a beautiful crown upon thine head.

1 Heb. nose, Is.3.21.

13 Thus wast thou decked with gold and silver; and thy rraiment was of fine linen, and silk, and broidered work: sthou didst eat fine flour, and honey, and oil: and thou wast exceeding beautiful, and thou didst prosper tinto a kingdom.

r Ps.45.13,14.

A.M. cir. 3411. B.C. cir. 593.

s De.32.13,14. Ps.81.14-16.

t Ps.48.2. 1 Sa.x. to 1 Ki.x. 1 Ch.xii. to 2 Ch.ix.

14 Andu thy renown went forth among the heathen for thy beauty: for it was vperfect through my comeliness, which I had put upon thee, saith the Lord GOD.

15 Butx thou didst trust in thine own beauty, yand playedst the harlot because of thy renown, and pouredst out thy fornications on every one that passed by; his it was.2

x Je.7.4. Mi.3.11.

y Ho.1.2. De.32.15-21. Ne.ix. 2 Ki.17.7-23. ch.xx.xxiii. Is.57.7,8; 5.7-25; 1.21. Je.ii.iii. Ex.xxxii. Nu.xxv. Ju.ii.-xix.

2 His it was. Rather, 'which should not have been done.'—C.

16 Andz of thy garments thou didst take, and deckedst thy high places with divers colours, and playedst the harlot thereupon: the like things shall not come, neither shall it be so.3

z ver.17,18. Is.57.7. Ho.2.8. 2 Ch.28.24. Ex.32.2,3. ch.7.20. 2 Ki.23.7.

3 The like things shall not, &c. Rather, 'whither thou shouldst not have come; nor should this have been done.'—Boothroyd.

17 Thou hast also taken athy fair jewels of my gold and of my silver, which I had given thee, and madest to thyself images4 of 5men, and didst bcommit whoredom with them;

a Ex.32.2,3. Ho.10.1; 2.8,13. ch.7.19; 23.14,15.

4 Such indecent figures as were worn by the heathen in honour of Bacchus, Herod. b. ii. c. 48, 49.—C.

5 Heb. of a male.

b Is.44.19,20; 57.7,8; 65.3. Je.2.20,27,28; 3.1,9.

18 And tookest thy broidered garments, and coveredst them: and thou hast set cmine oil and mine incense before them.

19 Myd meat also which I gave thee, fine flour, and oil, and honey, wherewith I fed thee, thou hast even set it before them for a sweet savour:6 and thus it was, saith the Lord GOD.

d De.32.14. Ho.2.8; 13.6. Ro.2.4.

6 Heb. a savour of rest.

20 Moreover, thou hast taken thy sons and thy daughters, ewhom thou hast born unto me, and gthese hast thou sacrificed7 unto them to 8be devoured.9 Is this of thy whoredoms a small matter,

* Human sacrifice has been practised in all heathen countries—and still remains both in civilized and savage regions, a witness of the accuracy of scriptural narrative. Child-sacrifice indicates the practice in its most hideous form, and it also continues—so obstinate is sin, so slow to wrath, and so long-suffering is God.—C.

e ver.8. De.29.11,12. ch.23.4. Ge.17.7. Ex.13.2,12.

g ver.26; ch.20.26,31; 23.37. Je.7.31; 32.35. Mi.6.7. 2 Ki.10.3. Is.57.5. Ps.106.37. 2 Ch.33.6.

7 See note * in first column.

8 Heb. devour.

9 Either that they might be 'devoured' by the fire in the sacrifices of Molech, ver.21, or 'devoured' by wild beasts or birds of prey, when the sacrificed bodies remained unburied. See Ge.15.11. 2 Sa.21.10.—C.

21 That thou hast slain hmy children, and delivered them to cause them ito pass through the fire for them?

h ver.20. Ge.17.7,11. Ex.13.2. Nu.3.41; 18.15.

A.M. cir. 3411. B.C. cir. 593.

i Le.18.21. De.18.10. 2 Ki.16.3; 17.17; 21.6; 23.10. Je.32.35. ch.20.26,31.

TEMPLE OF JUPITER OLYMPUS, ATHENS—SEVEN HUNDRED YEARS IN PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION. [Ezekiel, xvi:24, 25.] "That thou hast also built unto thee an eminent place, and hast made thee an high place in every street. Thou hast built thy high place at every head of the way, and hast made thy beauty to be abhorred." Ezekiel in this sixteenth chapter speaks of the extraordinary love of God toward Jerusalem, and of her deep degradation in departing from Him in search of the gods of wood and stone worshiped by surrounding nations. We give a picture of a ruined temple in Athens erected in honor of Jupiter, the most powerful of all the gods of the ancients. The greatest temple of Athens was that of Jupiter Olympus. It is at the southeast of the Acropolis, and near the right bank of the Ilissus. This temple was begun by Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, who lived between B. C. 560 and 527, which was probably before the death of Ezekiel. This great edifice was seven hundred years in process of construction.
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22 And in all thine abominations and thy whoredoms thou hast not remembered jthe days of thy youth, when thou wast naked and bare, and wast polluted in thy blood.

j ver.3-7. Je.2.2. Ho.11.1. Ex.i.ii.v.vi. ver.43,60.

23 And it came to pass, kafter all thy wickedness, (woe, woe unto thee! saith the Lord GOD,)

k Is.1.20,24; 3.11; v.ix.xxiv.xix. Je.ii.-xxvi. ch.iv.-xxiv. Mi.i.-iii.vi.vii.

24 That thou hast also built unto thee an eminent1 place,2 and hast made thee an high place in every street.

1 Or, brothel-house, Le.26.30. 2 Ch.33.4,5,15. 2 Ki.23.5,12,13,7. Is.57.5,7. ver.16,26,31. Je.2.20,28. Ho.12.11.

2 Eminent place. 'A place for prostitution.'—Waterland.

25 Thou hast built thy high place at every headl of the way, and hast made thy beauty3 to be abhorred, and hast opened thy feet to every one that passed by, and multiplied thy whoredoms.

l Ge.38.21. Pr.9.14,15; 7.12. Is.57.5. Je.2.23,24; 3.1-3; 6.15. Is.3.9.

3 Made thy beauty, which was once 'the beauty of holiness,' now 'to be abhorred' of God and his worshippers, because it has been stained and deformed with licentiousness and idolatry.—C.

26 Thoun hast also committed fornication with the Egyptians thy neighbours, great of flesh;4 and hast increased thy whoredoms, to provoke me to anger.

n ch.20.7,8; 23.8,19-21,40,41; 8.5-17. De.29.16,17. Jos.24.14. Is.30.1-7; 31.1-3. Ho.7.8,11; 5.13; 12.1.

4 Great of flesh. Sensual, libidinous; facts that still abide to stain the Egyptian character. See Lane's Modern Egyptians, ch. xiii. p. 403.—C.

27 Behold, therefore, oI have stretched out my hand over thee, and have diminished pthine ordinary food,5 and delivered thee unto the will of them qthat hate thee, the daughters6 of the Philistines,r which are sashamed of thy lewd way.

o ch.14.9. Is.3.1. De.28.48-57.

p Ho.2.9.

5 'Thine appointed portion' (Boothroyd), as provided by the law for wives, Ex.21.10; Israel being accounted unworthy because of her spiritual adultery and moral profligacy.—C.

q Ps.106.41.

6 Or, cities, ver.41,46,47,57.

r 2 Ch.28.18,19. Is.9.12. 2 Ki.24.2. ver.57.

s ch.5.6,7. Je.2.10,11. ver.47,48. Ep.4.19.

28 Thou hast played the whore also twith the Assyrians, because thou wast unsatiable; yea, thou hast played the harlot with them, and yet couldest not be satisfied.

29 Thouu hast, moreover, multiplied thy fornication in the land of Canaan unto Chaldea, and yet thou wast not satisfied herewith.

30 Howv weak is thine heart,7 saith the Lord GOD, seeing thou doest all these things, the work of xan imperious whorish woman;

v ver.28,29. Pr.7.11,22,26; 9.13. Ho.6.4. Je.2.13. Ps.94.8. Is.1.3. Je.8.7; 4.22.

7 How weak is thine heart—seeing it is so easily detached from truth and converted to the profession of error, and from the worship of the living God to the service of idols.—C.

x Pr.7.11,13; 30.20. Je.3.3; 6.15. Is.3.9.

31 In that thou ybuildest thine8 eminent place9 in the head of every way, and makest thine high place in every street; and hast not been as an harlot, in that thou scornest hire;

y ver.16,24,25,39. Je.3.1-3; 2.20,28; 6.15. Ho.12.11.

8 Or, In thy daughters is thine.

9 See ver.16,24.—C.

32 But as za wife that committeth adultery, which taketh strangers instead of her husband!

33 They give gifts to all whores; but athou givest thy gifts to all thy lovers, and hirest1 them, that they may come unto thee on every side for thy whoredom.

34 And the contrary is in thee from other women in thy whoredoms, whereas none followeth thee to commit whoredoms: and in that thou givest a reward, and no reward is given unto thee; therefore thou art contrary.

35 Wherefore, O bharlot, chear the word of the LORD:

36 Thus saith the Lord GOD, dBecause thy filthiness was poured out, and thy nakedness discoverede through thy whoredoms with thy lovers,2 and with all the idols of thy abominations, and by the blood of thy children, which thou didst give unto them;

d ver.15-34; ch.vi.-viii.xx.-xxiv. Je.ii.-xviii. Is.i.-iii.v.ix.lix. Mi.ii.iii.; 6.16; 7.1-6.

e Ps.139.11,12.

2 Lovers. Idolatrous allies courted for their protection or commerce.—C.

37 Behold, therefore, gI will gather all thy lovers, with whom thou hast taken pleasure, and all them that thou hast loved, with all them that thou hast hated; I will even gather them round about against thee, and will hdiscover thy nakedness unto them, that they may see all thy nakedness.

A.M. cir. 3411. B.C. cir. 593.

g Is.3.11. Ro.2.8,9. ch.23.9,22-30. Je.2.25; 4.30; 13.22,26; 22.20. La.1.8. Ho.2.3,10. ch.25.3,8,12.

h ch.23.9,10,22-30. Ho.2.9-13,3. Je.13.22,26. Re.17.16. La.1.8.

38 And I will judge thee, as3 women that break wedlock,4 and ished blood, are judged: and jI will give thee blood in fury and jealousy.

3 Heb. with judgments of, ver.40. Jn.8.4,5. Le.20.10. De.22.22.

4 Adultery and idolatry were both capital offences, Le.20.10. De.17.27.—C.

i ver.20,21,36. Ex.21.12. Nu.35.31. Ge.9.6.

j ch.14.19. Ps.79.5. Je.18.21. Zep.1.7. He.13.4. Pr.6.34. ch.5.13,15. Na.1.2.

39 And I will also give thee into their hand, and kthey shall throw down thine eminent place, and shall break down thy high places: they shall lstrip thee also of thy clothes, and shall take thy fair jewels,5 and leave thee naked and bare.

k ver.24,25,31. Le.26.30. ch.7.20-22. 1 Ki.12.28.

l Ho.2.3,9. ch.23.16. See ver.10-20,37,57.

5 Heb. instruments of thine ornament.

40 Theyn shall also bring up a company against thee, and they shall stone thee with stones, and othrust thee through with their swords.

41 And they shall pburn thine houses with fire, and rexecute judgments upon thee in the sight of many women: sand I will cause thee to cease from playing the harlot, and thou also shalt give no hire any more.

42 Sot will I make my fury toward thee to rest, and my jealousy shall depart from thee, and I will be quiet, and will be no more angry.

t ver.38; ch.5.13; 21.17. Is.1.24. Zec.6.8. Jos.7.26. 2 Sa.21.14.

43 Because thou hast unot remembered the days of thy youth, but hast vfretted6 me in all these things; behold, therefore, xI also will recompense thy way upon thine head, saith the Lord GOD; and thou shalt not commit ythis lewdness above all thine abominations.

u ver.22. Je.2.32. Ps.78.10,11,42; 106.13.

v De.32.21. Is.63.10. Am.2.13. Ac.7.51. 1 Ki.14.9. Pr.29.9.

6 Fretted. 'Provoked.'—Newcome.

x ch.7.3,4,8,9; 9.10. Pr.10.6; 11.31. Ro.2.8,9. ch.11.21; 22.31.

y ver.31-34.

44 Behold, every one that useth proverbs shall use this proverb against thee, saying, zAs is the mother,7 so is her daughter.

z Ps.106.35-39. 2 Ki.17.7-18, with ver.3,45. Re.17.5.

7 Jerusalem the Jewish, no better than Jerusalem the heathenish—a lesson and a warning to all the reformed Protestant churches, lest through any 'false doctrine, heresy, or schism,' they should fall back into any imitation of that Babylonish harlot from whose dominion the Lord so mercifully delivered them.—C.

45 Thou art thy mother's daughter, that aloatheth her husband and her children; and thou art the sister of thy sisters, which loathed their husbands and their children: byour mother was an Hittite, and your father an Amorite.

a Zec.11.8. ver.8,15,20,21. Ps.106.35-39; 78.8,56-58.

b See ver.3. Is.1.9,10.

46 Andc thine elder sister8 is Samaria, she and her daughters that dwell at thy left hand: and thy younger sister,9 that dwelleth at thy right hand,1 is dSodom and her edaughters.

c Mi.1.5. Je.3.8-11. 2 Ki.17.7-23.

8 Elder sister. Rather, 'thy greater sister.' More populous, having ten tribes, while Judah had merely Benjamin, a portion of Levi, and a few fragments of the other tribes.—C.

9 Heb. sister lesser than thou.

1 Right hand. When the Scriptures speak of a place as situated on the left or right hand, the person is understood to have his face to the east.—C.

d Ge.13.9,10,13. Is.1.10. De.32.32. Je.23.14.

e ch.26.4,6. Je.49.2. ver.27.

47 Yet hast thou not walked after their ways, nor done after their abominations; but, as if that were a very little thing,2 thoug wast corrupted more than they in all thy ways.

2 Or, that was loathed as a small thing.

g ver.48,51; ch.5.6,7. 2 Ki.10.18; 21.2-9,15,16. 2 Ti.3.13. Je.3.8-11. Jn.15.22. 1 Co.5.1.

48 As I live, saith the Lord GOD, Sodom thy sister hhath not done, she nor her daughters, as thou hast done, thou and thy daughters.

h 2 Ki.21.9. ch.5.6,7. Mat.10.15; 11.24, with Ge.13.13; 18.20; 19.6,24. Jude 7. 2 Pe.2.7,8.

49 Behold, this was the iniquity of thy sister Sodom,3 Pride,i fulness of bread, and abundance of idleness, was in her and in her daughters, neitherj did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy.

* The situation of Sodom was retired and secure; the plain around it was exceedingly fertile, and the nature of the climate tended to encourage indolence. 'Worldly prosperity often proves dangerous to the interests of virtue. It easily inflates its possessors with pride, and, leading them to abandon active habits of life, superinduces indulgence in those of idleness, than which universal experience proves that nothing can furnish greater occasion to the commission of sin.' History affords many and painful illustrations of this fact in regard to individuals as well as cities and nations. Wealth and prosperity are not always blessings; sometimes they entail misery and ruin on those who possess them.—P.

3 See note * in first column.

i Am.6.4. Ja.5.5. Ge.13.10,13; 18.20; 19.5,6. 2 Pe.2.7,8. Jude 7. De.32.15.

A.M. cir. 3411. B.C. cir. 593.

j Lu.16.20,21. ch.34.2-4. 1 Jn.3.17.

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50 And they were khaughty, and committed abomination before me: therefore lI took them away as I saw good.

51 Neithern hath Samaria committed half of thy sins; but thou hast multiplied thine abominations more than they, and hast justified thy sisters4 in all thine abominations which thou hast done.

n ch.5.6,7,11; 7.20; 8.6,15; 23.38,39; 43.8. 2 Ki.16.19; 21.2-9,15,16. Je.3.8-11. Mat.12.41,42, with 1 Ki.12.28. Ho.4.1,2. Is.59.13.

4 Hast justified thy sisters—by practically giving sentence in favour of their idolatries, and rendering them comparatively innocent when contrasted with Jerusalem's deeper criminality, ver.52.—C.

52 Thouo also, which hast judged5 thy sisters, bearp thine own shame, for thy sins that thou hast committed more abominable than they: they are more righteous than thou; yea, be thou confounded also, and bear thy shame, in that thou hast justified thy sisters.

o Ro.1.32; 2.1-10.

5 Or, justified, ver.51.

p Je.23.40. Mat.7.1-5. Ro.1.1-5,21-25. La.4.6. Is.5.1-7. ch.5.9,12. Da.9.12.

53 When I shall bring again their captivity, the captivity of Sodom and her daughters, and the captivity of Samaria and her daughters, then6 will I bring again the captivity of thy captives in the midst of them:

6 Never as to many, Is.1.9; or in the latter days, ver.55,60. Is.18.7; 19.24,25; 23.18. Je.48.47; 49.6,39; 12.16. Ro.11.12,15,25,31.

54 Thatq thou mayest bear thine own shame, and mayest be confounded in all that thou hast done, in that thou art a comfort unto them.

q Is.3.11. Je.2.19. ch.7.3,8,9; 15.7; or ver.63; ch.36.31,32; 14.22.

55 Whenr thy sisters, Sodom and her daughters, shall return to their former estate, and Samaria and her daughters shall return to their former estate, then thou and thy daughters shall return to your former estate.

r See on ver.53.

56 For thy sister Sodom was 7not smentioned8 by thy mouth in the day of thy pride,9

7 Lu.17.32. 2 Pe.2.6. Jude 7. Is.5.12. Ye took no warning by their ruin for their wickedness.

s Is.65.5. Lu.18.11.

8 Heb. for a report or hearing.

9 Heb. prides or excellencies.

57 Before thy wickedness was discovered, as att the time of thy reproach of the daughters of 1Syria,2 and all that are round about her, the daughters of the Philistines, which udespise3 thee round about.

t 2 Ki.16.5. Is.7.1,9,12. 2 Ch.28.5,18,19. 1 Sa.2.30. Ps.107.40. ver.37.

1 Heb. Aram.

2 'Reproach from the daughters of Syria.'—Boothroyd.

u Je.33.24.

3 Or spoil.

58 Thouv hast borne4 thy lewdness and thine abominations, saith the LORD.

v Ge.4.13. Je.2.19; 4.18. ch.23.49. Is.3.11.

4 Heb. borne them.

59 For thus saith the Lord GOD, xI will even deal with thee as ythou hast done, which hast despisedz the oath in breaking the acovenant.5

x ch.5.13; 7.4,8,9; 14.4,10. Je.2.19. Is.3.11. Ro.2.8,9.

y Mat.7.1,2.

z Is.24.5. De.29.25. Je.22.9; 31.32. Ps.78.37, or ch.17.13,16.

a Ex.19.4-6; xxiv. De.v.xxix. Jos.xxiv. 2 Ch.xv.; 23.17; 29.10; 34.31,32. Je.xxxiv. 2 Ch.36.13.

5 The oath to serve God only, De.29.12-14.—C.

60 Nevertheless, I will bremember cmy covenant with thee in the days of thy youth, and dI will establish unto thee an everlasting covenant.6

b Ps.106.45; 105.8,9. Ne.1.5. Da.9.4. Ps.111.5.

c Ge.17.7,8. Ex.19.4-6. Ho.2.15. Je.2.2. Ho.11.1, with ver.8.

d 2 Sa.23.5. Je.31.31-34; 32.38-41; 50.5. Is.55.3. Ho.2.19,20. ch.37.22-27. He.8.10.

6 How wonderful is divine mercy! We observe it always appearing one way or another in the midst of provocation, and wrath, and judgment. God will not always chide, neither will he keep his anger for ever. The Jews had by gross and unprovoked rebellion, by centuries of sin, entailed upon themselves the judgments which God had threatened, and in part executed; but here we find him holding out gracious promises of mercy. These promises are mainly Messianic, and have not yet all been fulfilled.—P.

61 Thene thou shalt remember thy ways, and be ashamed, when gthou shalt receive thy sisters, thine elder and thy younger: and I will give them unto thee for daughters, hbut not by thy icovenant.7

e Ps.119.59. ch.20.43; 36.31,32. Je.50.4,5; 31.9,18-20. Job 42.5,6.

A.M. cir. 3411. B.C. cir. 593.

g ver.53,55. Ca.8.8,9. Is.2.2-5; 11.9,10; xlii.xlix.liv.lx. Ga.4.26-31. Ro.15.9-19; 11.12-31. Ho.3.4,5.

h ver.59,60. Je.31.31. Jn.4.23,24.

i Jn.15.16.

7 Not by the covenant of Sinai, but by the covenant of grace in Christ Jesus; not by Judaism, but Christianity, Ga.2.16-21; 3.2,11,14,17-23; 4.24-31.—C.

62 Andj I will establish my covenant with thee, and thou shalt know that I am the LORD:

j See ver.60. Is.54.13. Je.31.34. Ho.2.19,20. ch.6.7.

63 Thatk thou mayest remember, and be confounded, and never open thy mouth any more because of thy shame, when I am pacified toward thee for all that thou hast done, saith the Lord GOD.

Notes

The whole of this chapter emblematically represents the original sinfulness and misery, the gracious conversion, the fearful apostasy, severe corrections, and wise recovery of the gospel church, and of good men. Ver. 3-5. Abraham and Sarah were originally idolaters; and their posterity lived in Egypt most wickedly and wretchedly. 6-14. These figurative expressions represent all the favours which God heaped upon them in the days of Moses, Joshua, David, and Solomon; their deliverance from Egypt; preservation in the wilderness; the adoption of them by covenant into his family; giving them his oracles, ordinances, tabernacle, and temple; multiplication of their numbers; rendering them his only church, and a most wealthy, powerful, prosperous, and famous nation. 15-34. Proud of their privileges, they abandoned themselves to idolatry, and employed the wealth which God had given them in making and serving idols everywhere throughout their country. Their first-born children, who were sacred to God, they sacrificed to Molech. By costly presents they courted the alliance of their heathen neighbours, Egyptians, Assyrians, Chaldeans, &c., and insatiably and impudently vied with them in their idolatries. 35-43. For their filthy idolatries, murder of their innocent infants, shameless lewdness, base ingratitude, and long-repeated provocations of God, the Chaldeans, and afterwards the Syro-Grecians and Romans, shall terribly destroy them, and lay desolate their country, and thus force them to cease from their wickedness. 44-59. In loathing God their covenanted Husband, and murdering their children, they were as wicked as the ancient Canaanites. And however they had once condemned the ten tribes which dwelt on the north, and the Sodomites who dwelt on the south-east of Judea, they now exceeded them in the number of their idols, the enormities of their wickedness, and in sinning against more warnings, mercies, and judgments. 60-63. In pursuance of my covenant made with Abraham, and in the wilderness, I will forgive their iniquities, render them deeply penitent for their sins, and receive them back to their land; and not by the ceremonial dispensation, but by the preaching of the gospel, will I convert not only the ten tribes, but the very worst of the heathens, to Christ, when they repent and believe.

Ver. 3. An Amorite. Not by descent, but by disposition; 'Amorite' signifying a rebel, which Abraham as an idolater (Jos. 24. 2) originally was, and as every man by nature is, till graciously 'quickened together with Christ,' Ep. 2. 1-5.—An Hittite—one that fears. A description which well applies to Sarah, and indicates her constitutional fear lest the promises of God would not be fulfilled—a fear arising from weakness of her faith, and which nothing but the grace of God could sustain against the misgivings of sense. C.

Ver. 10-14. These several things—broidered work, badgers' skins, linen, silk, &c.—are first to be considered as literal national attainments, the products of art and industry. And viewed as such, no doubt they are so often either idolized or dedicated to pride and vanity, that they appear unfit emblems of the humble graces of the Spirit. But to argue from the abuse, against the use of anything, is most unjust. Even the merely ornamental arts are not sinful in themselves, else God had not so employed them in the garniture of the temple, nor adduced them as evidences of his paternal kindness. It is by considering them as such, that all the evils that to many seem inseparable from manufactures, and all the pride so often exhibited in ornamental dress, are to be counteracted and remedied. He that 'gives God thanks' may make what he will: he that 'gives God thanks' may wear what he will. But without thankfulness, the rags of the beggar and the purple of the king are alike liable to conduct into sin. C.

Ver. 27. Daughters of the Philistines. This phrase is employed to indicate the degraded condition of Israel, whose once manly character had become so debased by idolatry and licentiousness, that the daughters of their enemies not only ruled over them, but despised them: and though heathens, were ashamed of their faithless apostasy. C.

Ver. 34. 'Adultery (ver. 32) and whoredom' are used for apostasy and idolatry, both because they imply a breach of the covenant whereby God said to Israel, 'Thy Maker is thine husband;' and because apostasy and idolatry were, in reality, but other names for the crimes charged, impurity constituting an essential part of all idolatrous worship. C.

Ver. 39. In ancient times the exposure of captives in a state of nakedness is frequently recorded as one among the glaring horrors of slavery. That such cruelty should have prevailed among idolatrous heathens needs not be wondered at; but, alas! that it ever should have prevailed among Christians! Alas! that nations calling themselves Christian, and states boasting of their freedom, should still legalize and practise the same abomination! Lord, open their eyes that they may see, and their hearts that they may feel and repent! C.

Ver. 41. By the Babylonish captivity, Judah was completely cured of her idolatry; and all that has yet been discovered of the remnants of the ten tribes of Israel, seems to represent them as returned to their attachment to the law of Moses; so that one stumbling-block to their reception of pure Christianity is taken out of the way, and their perversion to the Romish and Greek communions—which both, alas! still multiply their images and worship at their shrines—seems to be rendered impossible. C.

Ver. 55. The name of 'Sodom' is applied to Jerusalem, Is. 1. 10, because of her resemblance to that wicked city in luxury, impurity, pride, oppression, and other abominations. But here Sodom is not identified but contrasted with Jerusalem, see also ver. 46. Scott and other eminent expositors understand 'Sodom' as representing the Gentiles; but this cannot well be, as they have already been largely converted, while Jerusalem remains in unbelief. Piscator and others render the passage, 'If I shall return,' &c.; and understand it as saying, 'To restore thy captivity is not in my thoughts or purposes;' this, however, will not accord with the promise, ver. 60-63. Is not 'Sodom' rather to be taken literally (as undoubtedly 'Samaria' is taken for 'Israel'), which is to be restored, and understood to mean Moab and Ammon, the descendants of Lot, who escaped out of Sodom when the LORD miraculously destroyed it, and 'set it forth as an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire?' Jude 7. See Je. 48. 47; 49. 6, where the restoration of these two nations is expressly promised. And though human history be unable to distinguish them among men, this ignorance cannot interfere with the knowledge and purposes of God. C.

Ver. 61. There is a spiritual affiliation by which those who are, in one sense, called 'sisters,' are, in another, called 'daughters.' Jerusalem having been the primitive church, was thereby constituted 'the mother of us all,' Ga. 4. 19, 26. C.

Reflections.—Ministers have great need to be faithful in representing to men the sinfulness of their heart and life, and the misery which attends it. But what an astonishing change is made upon them by union to Christ, justification, adoption, sanctification, and spiritual comfort! All our life, honour, safety, perfection, and comeliness are the free gifts and almighty productions of our Redeemer: and these benefits are all infinitely enhanced from the deplorable condition in which he finds us. But the most shocking wickedness, perjury, idolatry, murder, yea, everything horrid, is produced by pride, ingratitude, and forgetfulness of God and of ourselves. Nor will apostate hypocrites grudge to sacrifice wealth, life, health, and honour to the service of devils and insatiable lusts. Not even the most abandoned monsters can vie with such in aggravated wickedness: and justly therefore the Lord brings upon them complicated judgments answerable to their complicated crimes; and makes their partners in sin their tormentors in punishment. If sinners will not be warned, they must be destroyed and lost. If they will make themselves vile by their sins, God lets them become more vile by their sufferings. But it is not all the terrors and punishments of time or eternity, but the pardoning and renewing grace of God, that can make men truly penitent for sin. O how infinite is his mercy to pardon and save those who have plunged themselves into the infinite depths of guilt and pollution! and soon shall that mercy be fully displayed in converting both Jews and Gentiles by his grace, and cordially uniting them in the one mystical body of Christ!

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