The Self-Interpreting BibleJohn Brown of Haddington

The Gospel According to Saint Luke

Luke 22

Chapter XXII · Vol. IV, pp. 197–200

1 The Jews conspire against Christ. 3 Satan prepareth Judas to betray him. 7 The apostles prepare the passover. 19 Christ instituteth his last supper; 21 covertly foretelleth of the traitor, 24 checketh the ambitious strife of his disciples, 31 assureth Peter his faith should not fail: 34 and yet he should deny him thrice. 39 He prayeth in the mount, and sweateth blood, 47 is betrayed with a kiss: 50 he healeth Malchus' ear, 54 he is thrice denied of Peter, 63 shamefully abused, 66 and confesseth himself to be the Son of God.

Notes ↓
Vol. IV, p. 197

1 Now thea feast of unleavened bread drew nigh, which is called the passover.

A.M. cir. 4037. A.D. cir. 33.

a Mat.26.1-5. Mar.14.1,2. Jn.11.55-57. Ex.12.15. Ps.2.1-5; 22.12,16. ch.19.47,48; 20.19. Ac.4.27.

2 And the chief priests and scribes sought how they might kill him;1 forb they feared the people.

1 How they might kill him. That is, by what subtle methods they might turn the tide of popular opinion against him, so that they might with safety proceed to his destruction.—C.

b See ch.20.6,21.

3 Thenc entered Satan into Judas surnamed Iscariot, being of the number of the twelve.

4 And he went his way, and dcommuned with the chief priests and captains,2 how he might betray him unto them.

d Mat.26.15. Pr.1.16; 4.16. Ro.3.10-18. Mi.7.5,6. Je.9.4.

2 Captains—of the temple—commanding the divisions of the priests and Levites.—C.

5 And they were glad, and ecovenanted to give him money.

6 And he promised, and sought opportunity to betray him unto them 3in the absence of the multitude.4

3 Or, without tumult.

4 At the time of the passover, as appears from Josephus, the number of persons in and around Jerusalem amounted to 2,500,000—amongst whom any popular commotion—and such occurrences were frequent—must have been an object of great dread to the rulers. So wonderfully does God control wicked and lawless men, by men as wicked and lawless as themselves; and their passions, which, like pent-up waters, have thus been restrained, he can again, as a judgment against their wickedness, let loose at his will, and render wicked rulers and wicked people mutual executioners of justice upon their several or common crimes.—C.

7 Theng came the day of unleavened bread, when the passover must be killed.5

8 And hhe sent Peter and John, saying, Go and prepare us the passover, that we may eat.

9 And they said unto him, Where wilt thou that we prepare?

10 And he said unto them, iBehold, when ye are entered into the city, there shall a man meet you, bearing a pitcher of water; follow him into the house where he entereth in.

11 And ye shall say unto the goodman of the house, jThe Master saith unto thee, Where is the guest-chamber, where I shall eat the passover with my disciples?

12 And he shall show you a large upper room furnished: there make ready.

13 And they went, and kfound as he had said6 unto them: land they made ready the passover.

k Ps.33.9. Nu.23.19.

6 Our Lord gave them this specimen of his knowledge of things to them unknown, to prepare their minds for believing the following revelation of his death and kingdom.—C.

l 1 Sa.15.22. Ex.23.21. Jn.14.15; 15.14.

14 Andn when the hour was come, he sat down, and the twelve apostles with him.

15 And he said unto them, With desire I have desired7 to eat this passover with you before I suffer:

7 Or, I have heartily desired, ch.12.50.

16 For I say unto you, oI will not any more eat thereof, until it be fulfilled8 in the kingdom of God.

o ch.14.15; ver.18. 1 Co.5.7,8. Ac.1.3. Mat.3.2; 4.17. Da.2.44. Re.11.15; 19.7,9.

8 Until the typical ends of the passover lamb shall be fully realized in the death of 'the Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the world.'—C.

17 And he took the cup, and pgave thanks, and said, Take this, and divide it among yourselves:

18 For I say unto you, qI will not drink of the fruit of the vine, until the kingdom of God shall come.

A.M. cir. 4037. A.D. cir. 33.

q See Mar.14.25. Mat.26.29. ver.16.

19 Andr he took bread, and gave thanks, and brake it, and gave unto them, saying, This sis my body, which is given for you: tthis do in remembrance of me.Cited in WSC 92, 96 · WLC 169, 174 · WCF 29.3 · HC 75 · SC Altar 2

* There is a difference between Luke and the other evangelists as to the exact time of the institution of the Lord's supper. Luke places it before our Lord pointed out the traitor, and before Judas withdrew. It would appear, therefore, from Luke's narrative as if Judas had partaken of the Lord's supper (see ver. 21). The other evangelists, however, clearly represent Judas as being denounced by our Lord before the institution of the supper; and John (13.30) distinctly states that on being pointed out as traitor he 'went immediately out.' On a review and comparison of the whole narratives I have been led to the following conclusions as to the order of events:—1. Having taken their places at the paschal feast, the disciples contended for pre-eminence (ch.22.24-27). 2. As a practical reproof of such unworthy feelings Jesus washed the disciples' feet (Jn.13.1-20). 3. Jesus pointed out the traitor, who immediately retired (Mat.26.21-25; Mar.14.18-21; Jn.13.21-35). 4. He foretells the denial of Peter (Mat.26.31-35; Mar.14.27-31; Jn.13.36-38). 5. He institutes the Lord's supper (Mat.26.26-29; Mar.14.22-25; ch.22.19,20). Luke, as we have seen, does not follow the order of time; he often groups incidents which have some logical connection. In this place he was apparently led to detail the institution of the supper immediately after the first cup of wine in the paschal feast, and thus to reverse the order of events.—P.

r Mat.26.26-28. Mar.14.22-24. 1 Co.11.23-29; 10.16,17, with Ro.14.6. 1 Ti.4.4,5.

s 1 Co.11.24-26.

t 1 Co.2.2; 1.24. Mat.20.28; 1.21. Tit.2.14.

20 Likewise also the cup after supper, saying, uThis cup is9 the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you.1Cited in WSC 92, 96 · WLC 168, 169 · WCF 7.4, 7.6, 29.3 · HC 75 · SC Altar 2

u Mat.26.28. Ex.24.8. Zec.9.11. He.9.14-17. Ro.5.6-11,15-21. 2 Co.1.20.

9 i.e. signifies, Ge.41.26,27. 1 Co.10.4. Ex.12.11,12. ver.19.

1 See note * in first column.

21 But,v behold, the hand of him that betrayeth me is with me on the table.

22 Andx truly the Son of man goeth, as it was determined: but ywoe unto that man by whom he is betrayed!

23 Andz they began to inquire among themselves, which of them it was that should do this thing.

24 Anda there was also a strife among them, which of them should be accounted the greatest.Cited in WLC 132

25 And he said unto them, The kings of the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and they that exercise authority upon them are called benefactors.

26 But bye shall not be so: but he that is greatest among you, let him be as the 2younger; and he that is chief, as he that doth serve.

b Mat.20.26,27; 18.3,4; 23.8-12. ch.14.11; 18.14. Jn.13.12-17. 1 Co.9.19-23. Ja.4.6,10. 1 Pe.5.3,5. 3 Jn.9,10.

2 As the younger. A listener and a learner, and a servant, rather than a teacher, a director, and commander.—C.

27 For cwhether is greater, he that sitteth at meat, or he that serveth? is not he that sitteth at meat? dbut I am among you as he that serveth.

28 Ye are they which have continued with me ein my temptations.3

e Mat.19.28,29. He.4.15; 2.18.

3 Temptations.—Trials from the calumnies of evil tongues—from the assaults made upon his person, and the plots contrived against his life.—C.

29 And gI appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me;

30 That ye may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom, and sit on thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.

31 And the Lord said, Simon, Simon, hbehold, Satan hath desired to have you, that he may sift you as wheat:Cited in WSC 106 · WLC 195 · WCF 14.3

32 Buti I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not: and when thou art jconverted, strengthen thy brethren.Cited in WSC 102, 106 · WLC 79, 195 · WCF 11.5, 14.3, 17.2, 18.4

33 And he said unto him, Lord, kI am ready to go with thee, both into prison, and to death.

34 Andl he said, I tell thee, Peter, the cock shall not crow this day, before that thou shalt thrice deny that thou knowest me.

Vol. IV, p. 198

35 Andn he said unto them, When I sent you without purse, and scrip, and shoes, lacked ye any thing? And they said, Nothing.

A.M. cir. 4037. A.D. cir. 33.

n Mat.10.9,10. ch.9.3; 10.4. Mar.6.8,9.

36 Then said he unto them, But now,4 he that hath a purse, let him take it, and likewise his scrip: and he that hath no sword, let him sell his garment, and buy one.

4 Ac.14.22. Jn.16.33. 1 Co.4.11-13. 2 Co.11.25-27. He.10.34,36; 11.36,37. 2 Ti.2.3,4; 3.12. Ye have need of preparation against the approaching dangers.

37 For I say unto you, that this that is written must yet be accomplished in me, oAnd he was reckoned among the transgressors: for the things concerning me have an end.

38 And they said, Lord, behold, here are two swords. And he said unto them, pIt is enough.5

p Jn.18.36. 2 Co.10.4; 6.4-7. Ep.6.10-18. 1 Pe.5.9.

5 See note * in second column.

* It is enough. Not, 'they are enough'—(which would have approved of swords in the literal and offensive sense in which the disciples understood our Lord), but, 'it is enough'—that is, 'you have said enough' to demonstrate your total misapprehension of my meaning, which, in mercy to your darkness of understanding and slowness of apprehension, I will take another opportunity and means to rectify.—C.

39 Andq he came out, and went, as he was wont, to the mount of Olives; and his disciples also followed him.

40 Andr when he was at the place,6 he said unto them, Pray that ye enter not into temptation.

r Mat.26.41; 6.13. Mar.14.38. ch.11.4. Ep.6.18,19. ver.46. 1 Pe.5.8,9.

6 That is, as stated by Matthew (26.36) and Mark (14.32), the place or garden called Gethsemane. See note on Mat.26.36.—P.

41 Ands he was withdrawn from them about a stone's cast, and kneeled down, and prayed,

42 Saying, Father, if thou be willing, remove7 this cup from me: nevertheless, not my will, but thine, be done.Cited in HC 124

7 Gr. willing to remove.

43 Andt there appeared an angel unto him from heaven, strengthening him.

44 Andu being in an agony, he prayed more earnestly: and his sweat was as it were great drops of blood falling down to the ground.8Cited in WLC 49 · WCF 8.4

u La.1.12. Jn.12.27. Ga.3.13. He.5.7. Jonah 2.3. Mat.26.37,38. Ps.22.1,2,14,15; 69.1,2; 18.5,6; 116.3.

8 The details in ver. 43, 44 are only found in this Gospel. Here we have another and very remarkable instance of angelic ministration. An angel strengthened our Lord—gave him more physical power, which, from the details of the agony in the succeeding verse, he appears to have required. The earnest prayer, and the bloody sweat, show how terrible must have been the struggle, and how exhaustive on his physical frame.—P.

45 And when he rose up from prayer, and was come to his disciples, he found them sleeping for sorrow,

46 And said unto them, vWhy sleep ye? rise and pray, lest ye enter into temptation.

v Jonah 1.6. Pr.6.9. See ver.40; ch.21.34,36.

47 And while he yet spake, xbehold a multitude, and he that was called Judas, one of the twelve, went before them, and drew near unto Jesus yto kiss him.

48 But Jesus said unto him, Judas, betrayest thou the Son of man with a kiss?

49 When they which were about him saw what would follow, they said unto him, Lord, shall we smite with the sword?9

9 As they had formerly mistaken his meaning (ver. 36), so they now adopt and follow their own, and do not wait for the authority and answer they professed so much to desire.—C.

50 Andz one of them smote a servant of the high-priest, and cut off his right ear.

51 And Jesus answered and said, Suffer ye thus far.1 And he touched his ear, and healed him.

1 Suffer ye thus far. This appears the Lord's answer to the question—'Shall we smite'—which he solves by saying—'Suffer even to betrayal and violence without retaliation, thus far,' i.e. to touch and heal the wounded ear.—P.

52 Thena Jesus said unto the chief priests, and captains of the temple, and the elders, which were come to him, Be ye come out as against a thief, with swords and staves?

53 When I was bdaily with you in the temple, ye stretched forth no hands against me: but this is cyour hour, and the power of darkness.

A.M. cir. 4037. A.D. cir. 33.

b ch.21.37,38. Mat.21.14,15,45,46. Jn.7.19; 8.37.

c Job 20.5. Ac.2.23; 4.27,28. Ge.3.15. Jn.12.27; 14.30. Ps.22.11-21; 69.1-21. Is.53.

54 Thend took they him, and led him, and brought him into the high-priest's house. eAnd Peter followed afar off.

55 And when they had kindled a fire in the midst2 of the hall, and were set down together, Peter sat down among them.

2 There being seldom any fire-place in eastern houses, the ordinary mode of providing heat in cold weather, is a chafing-dish of charcoal placed in the middle of the apartments where company assemble.—C.

56 But ga certain maid beheld him as he sat by the fire, and earnestly looked upon him, and said, This man was also with him.3

g Ge.3.13; 16.2. Ec.7.26.

3 See note on Mat.26.75.—P.

57 And he hdenied him, saying, Woman, I know him not.

h ver.33,34. Col.3.9. Zec.8.16. Ep.4.25.

58 Andi after a little while another saw him, and said, Thou art also of them. And Peter said, Man, I am not.

59 And about the space of one hour after, janother confidently affirmed, saying, Of a truth this fellow also was with him; for he is a kGalilean.

60 And Peter said, Man, I know not what thou sayest. And immediately, while he yet spake, the cock crew.

61 And the Lord turned, and looked upon Peter. And Peter remembered the word of the Lord, how he had said unto him, lBefore the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice.

63 Ando the men that held Jesus pmocked him, and smote him.

64 And when they had blindfolded him, they struck him on the face, and asked him, saying, Prophesy, who is it that smote thee?

65 And many other things blasphemously spake they against him.

66 Andq as soon as it was day, the elders of the people and the chief priests and the scribes came together, and led him into their council, saying,

67 Artr thou the Christ? tell us. sAnd he said unto them, If I tell you, ye will not believe:

68 And if I also ask you,4 ye will not answer me, nor let me go.

4 If I also ask you—concerning the commission and testimony of John (Mat.21.25), or how Messiah could be both David's son and Lord (Mat.22.43), or which of all the prophecies has been left unfulfilled in my mighty works—ye will pretend ignorance, will refuse to answer me, and continue in your unbelief.—C.

69 Hereafter5 shall the Son of man tsit on the right hand of the power of God.

5 Hereafter. Literally, 'From the now'—from this very time.—C.

t Ps.110.1. Da.7.13,14. Mar.16.19. Ac.1.11; 3.21. He.1.3; 8.1. ch.21.27. 1 Th.4.16. Re.1.7; 3.21; 20.11,12.

THE SPOT WHERE CHRIST PRAYED—GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE [Luke, xxii:41] The Garden of Gethsemane is enclosed by a wall. To the north of the Garden and outside of it there is a spot pointed out as the place where Christ uttered the last prayer. A lamp hangs here and burns all the day and all the night long. It is a sad and touching scene to stand in the presence of this place and to watch the reverent and devoted saints stand and look upon it with sympathy and love. Many looking upon this scene do not pretend to conceal the tears which flow down their cheeks. This serves to bring before their imagination the agony and grief of the last hours of our Saviour's life, when He uttered that last prayer for his disciples and for the world. Of Himself He never seemed to think; it was of those He came into the world to teach and redeem.
Vol. IV, p. 200

70 Then said they all, Art thou then the Son of God? And he said unto them, Ye say that I am.6

A.M. cir. 4037. A.D. cir. 33.

6 Mar.14.62-64. Mat.26.64-66. Jn.5.17; 10.30. i.e. Ye truly say, that I am.

71 And they said, What need we any further witness? for we ourselves have heard of his own mouth.

Notes

Ver. 3. How Satan entered into Judas—whether personally, as the demons certainly did into the bodies of the possessed—that is, certainly, if credit is to be given to plain Scripture narrative; or, whether, by taking advantage of his corrupt dispositions, especially his avarice, and managing to present the appropriate temptations before him, and thereby suggesting correspondent ideas to his mind—has been matter of question. Guyse, Gill, Rosenmüller, &c., are of opinion that Satan entered merely by suggestion; but the identity of expression between this case and even that of the swine, Mar. 5. 13 seems clearly to decide in favour of an actual entering and possession as the means whereby Satan 'put it into the heart of Judas' to betray his Master, Jn. 13. 2. C.

Ver. 29. The kingdom of the Lord Jesus Christ, God's Son, was a kingdom the entrance to which was through the suffering of death, He. 2. 9, 10; 12. 2. Such an entrance was also appointed to the disciples, who were fully warned that 'through much tribulation they should enter into the kingdom of God,' Jn. 16. 33; Ac. 14. 22. This kingdom, as it is established in the hearts of God's people, consists in 'righteousness and peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost,' which are all the gifts of Christ; and as it exists in heaven, it is rest from labour, and the enjoyment of glory, Re. 14. 13; Col. 3. 4. C.

Ver. 30. That ye may eat and drink—of that righteousness after which the children of God do constantly 'hunger and thirst,' Mat. 5. 6.—And sit on thrones, &c. Even so do the apostles now sit enthroned in the church, by their testimony for Jesus, judging and condemning the twelve tribes who rejected him, Ac. 28. 23-28, adjudicating between them and the Gentiles, Ac. 15. 1-29, and, in the gospel and its ordinances, propounding those principles by which the whole world shall be finally judged, Ro. 2. 16. Whether these 'thrones' imply any special apostolic glory in the kingdom yet to be inherited, will not farther appear till 'we see as we are seen, and know as we are known.' C.

Ver. 31. Satan hath desired to have you. Not thee, Peter, alone, but all of you; even as he desired to have Job, when, with two limitations, he obtained his desire, and smote him in his property, family, and person, Job 1. 12; 2. 6. Simon is specially warned, because his self-confident boldness exposed him to the greatest danger and the deepest fall. C.

Ver. 36. But now, he that hath a purse, &c. As if he had said, The time is now come when you will no longer receive hospitality, and must therefore labour, by industry, frugality, and prudent forethought, to provide for yourselves.—And he that hath no sword, &c. That our Lord did not direct the purchase of a literal sword, either for defence or attack, is evident from ver. 51; Mat. 26. 52; 2 Co. 10. 4. But, by a strong proverbial figure, he meant to prepare the hearts of the disciples for encountering, with faith and patience, the manifold dangers that were now fast closing around them, Ro. 13. 12; 2 Co. 6. 7; Ep. 6. 11, &c.; 1 Pe. 4. 1. C.

Ver. 42. The slight verbal differences in the various records of this prayer are perfectly consistent with the doctrine of complete divine inspiration; for, not to speak of the various forms of translation from Hebrew or Syro-Phoenician into Greek, which the Spirit of truth might equally and most advantageously sanction, there is no reason to conclude that our Lord uttered the petition but once, and in one form, but, on the contrary, every reason to conclude that, as he recurred to the same petition in three successive prayers, he also recurred to it more than once, and in various forms, in each prayer—any one of which forms would be equally true, and verbally exact. C.

Ver. 53. This is your hour—when you are permitted to have power over me, 'and this (your successful violence) is the power of darkness' over 'you, Jn. 3. 10, whereby 'the god of this world has blinded your eyes,' and so brought you under 'the power of darkness' that you can neither see nor acknowledge my divine mission, 2 Co. 4. 4; Col. 1. 13. C.

Ver. 61. The Lord turned and looked upon Peter. Note, How ready are believers to forget their Saviour, when, as it were, his back is toward them—he is absent from them. But as one look of sight sent Peter out to weep, surely such as 'walk by faith, and not by sight,' will not forget, when they are tempted, that each should meet the temptation with, 'Thus it is written'—'Thou, Lord, seest me!' C.

Ver. 70. Ye say that I am. This being that very thing which the Jews most obstinately denied, how did they say it? Might not the words be better translated, interrogatively, 'Do ye say (admit or deny) that I am?' The subsequent neglect or refusal of 'reply practically verifies, at the moment, the prophetic accusation, ver. 68. C.

Reflections.—Whether should I here most admire the lengths in wickedness to which sinners will go when left to themselves—the covetousness, treachery, unbelief, hardness of heart, malice, and malignity, manifested in plotting against, betraying, apprehending, condemning, reviling, and murdering the Son of God and Saviour of mankind—or his love, in patiently undergoing everything severe and shameful; in feasting, warning, directing, and comforting his disciples; in solemn resignation of himself to his sufferings and death; in miraculously healing one of his miscreant apprehenders; in graciously converting him who most criminally denied him; and in avowing himself a divine person, at the hazard of his life!—How extensive were his sufferings in soul—in body—in character! And yet all the malice of his enemies was so overruled as only to accomplish the fulfilment of prophecies, the honour of God, and the salvation of men. Marvellously he changed the ancient passover into a crucified Redeemer, and a delightful feast on his fulness. Let us always then observe it in the faith of his institution, in obedience to his authority, and aiming at his honour. It is an awful thing for professed disciples and dignified clergymen to betray their Master; and highly shameful to indulge carnal pride and ambition in the presence of a suffering Redeemer, whose kingdom is not of this world. But seasonably preserved, highly honoured, and plentifully rewarded, are they who continue faithful in times of trouble. Great is the danger of pride, self-confidence, and unwatchfulness; or of rashly entering into temptation; and there is need of Jesus' intercession to preserve his people's faith when it is sorely shaken. And if we experience his influences, let us improve them for the warning and strengthening of our fellow-Christians. But sins of infirmity in his saints greatly differ from the presumptuous rebellion of hardened sinners. How shocking it is for men to interrogate Jesus concerning his person, doctrine, or work, merely to strengthen their own and others' prejudices against him! For soon will he appear in great glory and majesty, to the confusion and ruin of every obstinate despiser, and to the unspeakable comfort of every cordial believer.

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